Tissue preparation
Since biological soft tissues are composed of light elements that give little contrast in the hard x-ray image, we strongly recommend to label the structure of interest with electron-rich reagents containing high-Z elements [8]. Since the tissue is pretreated with organic solvents, lipophilic labels weakly adsorbing to the tissue can dissociate into solvents.
The tissue size appropriate for the following procedure is 5 × 5 × 5 mm3. If the tissue is larger or smaller than this, aliquot volumes must be multiplied accordingly. The tissue can be cut into small pieces with a width of 0.5-3.0 mm in the last step of the resin soak or before the resin soak.
Resin preparation
Epoxy resin is prepared by mixing resin liquid and its curing agent. Disposable cups, syringes, and plastic mixing rods provided with the resin kit are used in the following procedure. The obtained resin should be stored in an airtight container.
1) If the curing agent of Petropoxy 154 is opaque or contains small particles or is crystallized, heat the curing agent using a dry bath at 90 ºC until it becomes clear. This may take a few to several hours. Cool it for one hour to room temperature. The curing agent can be stored in a 20 ºC incubator to prevent further crystallization.
2) Decant 10 mL of the Petropoxy 154 resin into a disposable cup.
3) Add 1 mL of curing agent by using a disposable syringe. Mix it thoroughly (over 5 min) using a mixing rod.
4) Place the cup in a vacuum desiccator and draw a vacuum to degas the resin. When bubbles form, close the valve connected to the vacuum pump before the resin overflows. After the bubbles subside, open the valve again. Keep drawing the vacuum for at least 6 hours.
5) Remove the cup from the desiccator and place it in an airtight container. Store the container in a cold storage chamber (4 ºC).
6) Degas the resin for one hour prior to every use.
Resin soaking
1) Soak the tissue in 10 mL of ethanol for one hour at room temperature (20–25°C). Repeat this process twice in total.
2) Soak the tissue in another 10 mL of ethanol overnight.
3) Transfer the tissue to a new vial containing 10 mL of n-butyl glycidyl ether and incubate it for several hours or overnight at room temperature. Repeat this process twice in total.
4) Transfer the tissue to a 5 mL vial containing 2 mL of the degassed resin and incubate it overnight at 4°C. Repeat this process twice in total.
5) If the tissue floats to the surface of the resin aliquot, perform an additional soak using another 2 mL of resin.
6) Cut the sample under a stereomicroscope into small pieces with widths appropriate for your analysis (typically 0.5–3.0 mm).
Capillary embedding
We have reported a method for embedding soft tissues in glass capillaries [6]. The following is a step-by-step protocol for it.
1) Build an assembly (Figure 1a) of a borosilicate capillary (W. Müller, Germany), transparent plastic tubing with an inner diameter of 3/32" (such as Tygon R-3603, Saint-Gobain), 3-way stopcock, and 1 mL syringe.
2) Turn the stopcock to make an air path through the capillary to the syringe.
3) Fill the capillary with epoxy resin using a 1-mL syringe (Figure 1b).
4) After the resin reaches the funnel end of the capillary, open the stopcock (Figure 1c).
5) Remove the capillary.
6) Place the tissue sample at the funnel end of the capillary by using tweezers or needles (Figure 1d).
7) Gently move the tissue with a tip of tweezers toward the thinner part of the capillary as far as possible.
8) Insert the capillary into the plastic tubing again while keeping the stopcock open.
9) Turn the stopcock to re-form the path through the capillary to the syringe (Figure 1e).
10) Push the syringe knob slowly to move the tissue into the capillary (Figure 1e). The final length of the capillary sample should be 15–25 mm. The tissue should be placed 3–5 mm from one end of the capillary.
11) When the tissue is at the desired position, open the stopcock to settle the tissue (Figure 1f). If the tissue gets stuck in the capillary, open the stopcock immediately.
12) Cut the capillary with a diamond cutter (Figure 1f).
13) Insert the capillary in a short piece of silicone tubing (Figure 1g). This avoids contacts between the capillary ends and surroundings and prevents resin leakage by surface tension.
14) Hold the silicone tubing with tweezers and place the sample in a polypropylene case. Incubate the case at 90°C for 72–96 hr using a heat dry bath to cure the resin.
15) Prepare a storage case equipped with a nylon sponge (Figure 1h). Use epoxy glue or double-sided sticky tape to adhere the sponge to the bottom of the case. A total of 25–30 samples can be stored in a 5 × 5 cm case. Mark sample positions on the sponge and pierce tweezers into the marked positions.
16) Recover the capillary and pierce it to one of the positions marked on the sponge (Figure 1h). Store the case in a 20°C incubator.
17) The case sealed with a plastic bag and wrapped with cushioning materials can be safely transported as a carry-on item from the local laboratory to the synchrotron radiation facility even by overnight flight. Approvals might be required prior to traveling depending on the sample source.
Sleeving
For a nanotomography experiment, one end of the capillary (distal to the sample) should be sleeved with a brass tubing (Figure 1i) to secure the sample with set screws.
1) Cut brass tubing to a length of 10–15 mm. Do not crush the tubing ends when cutting.
2) Dip the distal end of the capillary in epoxy glue.
3) Insert the dipped end into the brass tubing and wait for the glue to cure.
4) Store the sample in a sponge case.
Pellet embedding
Samples with a width larger than 1.0 mm should be embedded in resin pellets. The pellet samples show drifts larger than those of capillary samples, so they are not suitable for nanotomography experiments.
1) Use silicone tubing with an inner diameter of 3–5 mm for casting pellets. Cut the tubing into a length of 5–10 mm. Tubing ends should be precisely perpendicular to the tubing axis.
2) Place a droplet of the degassed epoxy resin in a polypropylene case.
3) Stand the tubing on the resin droplet to seal one end of the tubing. Cure the resin at 120°C for 15 min using a heat dry bath and then cool it to room temperature.
4) Fill the tubing with the epoxy resin.
5) Gently insert a resin-soaked sample into the resin-filled tubing.
6) Incubate the case with the tubing at 90°C for 72–96 hr using a heat dry bath to cure the resin.
7) Remove the tubing from the case. Make an incision on the side surface of the silicone tubing. Peel the tubing from the incision.
8) Put the sample pellet in a 1.5-mL sampling tube and store it in a 20°C incubator.
Sample mount adapter
For nanotomography experiments, capillary samples should be mounted using an adapter equipped with a set screw. The adapters shown in Figure 2 are designed so as to best suit with a sleeved sample and also fit on the nanotomography stage. Figure 2b shows a brass adapter for the SPring-8 nanotomography beamlines. The outer diameter of the adapter is 10.0 mm. Figure 2d shows an invar adapter for the 32-ID beamline of APS. This adapter can be screwed to a kinematic base (Figure 2c).
For microtomography experiments, capillary samples can be mounted using compound clay (Hampton Research, CA, USA). Figure 3 shows adapters for the microtomography beamlines of SPring-8. The outer diameter of the adapter basement is 10.0 mm. To place the tissue at the x-ray position regardless of the capillary length, we prepared several adapters having different upper lengths of 20, 25, 30, and 35 mm (Figure 3a). The outer diameter of the upper part is 2.0 mm. The upper end has a hole with a diameter of 1.5 mm and depth of 5 mm. Samples with or without brass sleeves can be mounted by inserting the distal end into the end hole filled with the clay. On the side face of the upper hole, an opening of a 0.5-0.7 mm diameter is created. This vent hole prevents sample drifts due to pressurized air remaining in clay (Figure 3a).
Figure 3b shows adapters for the pellet samples. The upper ends of these adapters have flat faces. Pellet samples can be attached on the flat face using epoxy glue or double-sided sticky tape. After data collection, the samples can be recovered by snapping them off the adapter.
Timing
For nanotomography experiments, the sample should be prepared at least one week before the data collection. This is because the resin may deform immediately after curing. Samples should be secured with set screws at least one hour before data collection to settle any mechanical creep caused by the screwing. Samples should be placed in the beamline hutch at least one hour before data collection to equilibrate the sample temperature with that of the hutch. Temperature fluctuations of a few tenths of a degree or mechanical creep of several tens of nanometers can degrade the image quality.
In microtomography experiments, the sample mounting using clay should be finished at least one hour before data collection. This eliminates blurs due to the sample mounting. If the target resolution is coarser than 5 μm, no hold time is needed since drifts are not discernible for most samples.