In vitro conversion of adult murine endothelial cells to hematopoietic stem cells.

doi:10.1038/protex.2017.033

Method Article

In vitro conversion of adult murine endothelial cells to hematopoietic stem cells.

https://doi.org/10.1038/protex.2017.033

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In this method article, we are describing a multi-phasic approach for converting adult murine endothelial cells \(ECs) to bona fide haematopoietic stem cells \(HSCs) \(rEC-HSCs) via transient expression of four transcription factors FosB, Gfi1, Runx1, and Spi1 \(FGRS) and stimulation with angiocrine factors supplied by the vascular niche. Adult mouse ECs were isolated from Runx1-IRES-GFP; Rosa26-rtTa and maintain in culture with EC growth factor and tgfb inhibition. Induction phase \(day 0-8) of conversion is initiated by expressing FGRS in mature ECs resulting in endogenous Runx1 expression. During specification phase \(day 8-20), endogenous Runx1⁺ FGRS-transduced ECs commit to a haematopoietic fate and no longer require FGRS expression. The vascular-niche drives robust self-renewal and expansion of rEC-HSCs \(day 20-28). Upon conversion, rEC-HSCs are endowed with a transcriptomic signature and long-term self-renewal capacity similar to adult HSCs, and are competent for clonal engraftment and multi-lineage reconstituting potential, including antigen-dependent adaptive immune function. Our work provides a tractable strategy to interrogate the generation of engraftable hematopoietic cell, and advances the mechanistic understanding of hematopoietic development and HSC self-renewal.

Cell biology

Biological techniques

Direct reprogramming

Haematopoietic stem cells

Vascular niche

Endothelial cells

Haemogenic endothelium

De novo generation of haematopoietic stem cells \(HSCs) will enable autologous treatment of haematopoietic disorders¹. Current methods involve HSC directed differentiation \(using cytokines and/or over expression of transcription factors) from induced or native pluripotent cells or conversion from differentiated cell types including fibroblasts and B cell progenitors^2-6. Directed differentiation of putative hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells from pluripotent cell sources \(PSC) constitute an attractive cell source. While directed differentiation of PSC into putative HSPC recapitulate the different waves \(primitive followed by definitive) of hematopoiesis in the dish, the resulting in vitro derived population largely lacks robust lymphoid and engraftment potential^3,7,8.

The inability to generate functional HSCs could be due the lack of appropriate environmental cues to fully support hematopoietic commitment. Riddell et al. converted murine lymphoid cells into engraftable HSCs \(iHSCs) by expressing eight transcription factors \(TFs) and using recipient’s in vivo niche to support successful fate alteration⁹. While restoring proper niche signals endowed iHSC with robust lymphoid and engraftment capacity, this experimental strategy is not suitable for mechanistic studies of endothelial to haematopoiesis transition.

Here, we describe a hybrid method combining overexpression of transcription factors in vitro while restoring physiological microenvironmental cues to convert non-haematopoietic ECs to functional HSCs that recapitulates the endothelial to haematopoietic transition \(EHT).

Animals: We utilized Runx1-IRES-GFP \(Runx1^tm4Dow) mice, a gift from James Downing at St. Jude Hospital. These were crossed with Rosa26 rtTa mice \(B6.Cg-Gt\(ROSA)26Sor^{tm1\(rtTA*M2)Jae/J}, Jackson laboratory, strain #006965) to produce Runx1-IRES-GFP;Rosa26-rtTa mice \(refer to as Runx1-rtTA), and maintained as heterozygous for both Runx1-IRES-GFP and rtTa.

For rEC-HSPC transplantation, we used CD45.1⁺ congenic recipients B6.SJL-Ptprc^a Pepc^b/BoyJ \(Jackson laboratory, strain #002014).

Red Blood Cell Lysis: Prepare RBC lysis solution by diluting 300μl of 10x concentrated RBC lysis buffer \(Biolegend #420301) with 2.7 ml deionized H₂O to make a 1x working concentration. The pH of the RBC lysis solution should be between 7.1 and 7.4. Adjust if necessary. Warm RBC lysis solution to room temperature before using. Centrifuge blood sample for 5 min at 500 x g, then aspirate supernatant. Re-suspend with 3 ml of RBC lysis solution and incubate at room temperature for 8 min. Stop lysis by adding 25 ml PBS 2mM EDTA. Centrifuge for 5 min at 500 x g, then aspirate supernatant. Wash sample with 25 ml PBS 2 mM EDTA and centrifuge again for 5 min at 500 x g. The cell pellet should appear white. If red blood cells persist, perform RBC lysis again as necessary.

Collagenase/Dispase/DNAse digestion solution preparation: Prepare reconstitution buffer with PBS \(pH7.4), 5 mM KCl \(Sigma-Aldrich #P9333), 10mM HEPES \(Invitrogen, #15630080), and 2 mM CaCl₂\(Sigma-Aldrich #C1016), and 1.3 mM MgCl₂ \(Sigma-Aldrich #M8266). In a flask with a stir bar, use reconstitution buffer to re-suspend the following to their appropriate concentrations.

• collagenase A \(Roche #11088793001): 20 mg.ml^-1

• dispase II \(Roche #04942078001): 8 units.ml^-1

• DNase I \(Roche #10104159001): 400 μg.ml^-1

This produces an 8x concentrated digestion solution. Dispense 0.5 ml aliquots into tubes and store at −20 °C \(stable for one week). To digest one organ, add 3.5 ml DMEM \(Corning #10-014-CV) to a 0.5 ml aliquot of 8x concentrated digestion solution to produce working concentrations of collagenase A \(2.5 mg.ml^-1), dispase II \(1 unit.ml^-1), and DNase \(50 μg.ml^-1).

SB431542 preparation: To prepare aliquots of SB431542 \(R&D, #1614) for endothelial growth medium, add 470 μl of DMSO to 10 mg of SB431542. This will generate a 50 mM stock \(10,000×) solution of SB431542. Dispense 50-μl aliquots of stock solution into tubes and store them at −80 °C \(stable for at least 1 year). When you are preparing 500 ml of endothelial growth medium, thaw out and mix it in one aliquot \(50 μl) of SB431542.

Doxycycline: To prepare aliquots of doxycycline for use, dissolve 10 mg of doxycycline \(Stemgent, #04-0016) into 5 ml of sterile water. This will generate a 2 mg.ml⁻¹ stock \(2,000×) solution. Dispense 0.5-ml aliquots into tubes and store them at −20 °C to avoid repeated freeze/thaw cycles \(good for at least 6 months). When treating cells with doxycycline, thaw one aliquot and remove a suitable amount that will be needed for the duration of the experiment, and then store it at 4 °C \(this can be kept at 4 °C for up to 1 month).

Fibronectin-coated plates: Coat all plates and/or flasks with fibronectin solution \(1 mg.ml⁻¹ fibronectin in Dulbecco’s PBS \(DPBS), \(Sigma, F1141)) before plating of cells. After adding fibronectin solution to plates or flasks, leave them at room temperature \(20–25 °C) in a tissue culture hood for a minimum of 30 min. Aspirate fibronectin solution away, and use coated plates or flasks right away for cell plating, or store them at 4 °C \(good for at least 3–4 weeks).

Cell culture Media:

Murine EC media: DMEM:Ham’s F-12 \(Sigma, D6421) supplemented with 20% FBS, 20 mM HEPES \(Invitrogen, #15630080), 100 μg.ml⁻¹ Heparin \(Sigma, H3393), 50 μg.ml⁻¹ endothelial mitogen \(Alfa Aeser #J65416) and 5 μM SB431542 \(R&D, #1614)

Human EC media: M199 \(Sigma, M4530), 10% FBS \(cat), 50 μg.ml⁻¹ endothelial mitogen \(Alfa Aeser #J65416), and 100 μg.ml⁻¹ Heparin \(Sigma, H3393).

Conversion media: StemSpan SFEM \(STEMCELL Technologies, #09650), 10% KnockOut Serum Replacement \(Invitrogen, 10828028) 10 ng.ml⁻¹hFGF-2 \(bFGF, 100-18), 50 ng.ml⁻¹ murine kit ligand \(SCF, Peprotech, 250-03).

Virus Production and Transduction: Open reading frames \(Fosb: NM_008036.2, Gfi1: NM_010278.1, Runx1: \(Runx1b isoform) BC069929.1, Sfpi1: BC003815.1) were cloned into doxycycline inducible pLVx TET-3G lentiviral plasmids. Viral particles were produced in 293T Lenti-X cell line \(Clontech, #632180) using Lenti-X packaging single shot \(Clontech, #631275) following manufactures instructions. For detailed lentiviral transduction protocol refer to ¹⁰.

Antibodies:

VE-Cadherin \(mouse), BV13, Biolegend

CD45 \(mouse) 30-F11, Biolegend

c-kit \(mouse) 2B8, Biolegend

sca1 \(mouse) D7, Biolegend

lineage \(mouse) nd, Biolegend

ter119 \(mouse) Ter119, Biolegend

CD31 \(mouse) 390, Biolegend

CD31 \(human) WM59, Biolegend

CD45.2 \(mouse) 104, Biolegend

CD45.1 \(mouse) A20, Biolegend

CD3 \(mouse) 17A2, Biolegend

CD4 \(mouse) RM4-5, Biolegend

CD8 \(mouse) YTS156.7.7, Biolegend

B220 \(mouse) RA3-6B2, Biolegend

Gr1 \(mouse) RB6-8C5, Biolegend

CD11b \(mouse) M1/70, Biolegend

CD150 \(mouse) TC15-12F12.2, Biolegend

CD48 \(mouse) HM48-1, Biolegend

CD16/32 \(mouse) 2.4G2, Biolegend

Colony Formation Assay: CFU assay was performed using Methocult M3234 \(STEMCELL Technologies, #M3234). For cells treated with doxycycline, similar treatment was continued or not in the CFU assay \(chemicals added to the CFU medium on the first day of CFU assay), and after 10 days hematopoietic colonies were scored microscopically to evaluate various CFU phenotypes.

RNA Isolation and qRT-PCR: Total RNA from cells was extracted using an RNeasy Micro Kit \(Qiagen) and 500 ng of total RNA was reverse transcribed to cDNA using SuperScript III reverse transcriptase \(Life Technologies) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. qPCR was performed with gene-specific primers using SYBR GreenER qPCR SuperMix \(Life Technologies) in a \(Life Technologies).

Flow cytometer equipped with multiple lasers \(BD model FACSAria II)

Centrifuge \(Thermo, Sorvall RG3 #750003433)

Tissue culture plates \(Falcon) twelve well \(#353224) and six well \(#353043)

40 μm cell strainers \(Falcon #352340)

Sterile 10 mL pipettes \(Denville #P7128)

Sterile micropipettes \(Denville) 1000 μl \(#P1126), 200 μl \(#P1122), 20 μl \(#P1121), and 10μl \(#P1096-FR)

Micropipettors \(Gilson Pipetman #F167700)

Tissue culture equipment \(specify)

Laminar flow hood \(NuAire Biosafety Level 2 #NU-425-600)

Incubators, tri gaz \(Thermo, Forma Series II #3130)

Isoflurane vaporizer and anesthesia chamber \(Summit Anesthesia Solutions)

Lentivirus preparation ● TIMING ~1 week

-Generate and titer the FosB, Gfi1, Runx1, Spi1 lentiviral particles. The method for lentiviral production that we use is described in¹⁰. Although alternative methods may be used to generate lentivirus, we cannot guarantee similar results of efficacy in the reprogramming platform described herein.

\! CAUTION: This and all subsequent steps in which cells or viruses are manipulated should be conducted in a tissue culture hood, and waste products should be disposed of properly.

Adult murine endothelial cell isolation ● TIMING ~3 weeks

- Anesthetize mice with a mixture of O₂ and Isothesia isoflurane \(Henry Schein #1169567761) with an isoflurane vaporizer and anesthesia chamber \(Summit Anesthesia Solutions). Turn the vaporizer knob to 4 and set the flow rate to 3 L.min^-1. Allow 3-5 min until mice are completely anesthetized.

\! CAUTION: This step should be accepted and conducted in accordance to your Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees protocol.

- Inject 25 micrograms of anti VE-Cadherin-AF647 antibody retro-orbitally in 8–10 weeks old Runx1-rtTA mice and return mice to their cages for 8 min.

\! CAUTION: This step should be accepted and conducted in accordance to your Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees protocol.

- Sacrifice mice by CO₂, harvest selected organs in ice cold PBS.

\! CAUTION: This step should be accepted and conducted in accordance to your Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees protocol.

- Wash the organs twice in ice cold PBS to get rid of the excess of blood.

- Mince organs and incubate with Dispase/Collagenase/DNAse mix at 37°C on an orbital shaker \(250 rpm) for 20–30 min to create a single cell suspension.

- Wash twice with mouse EC media.

- Wash twice with PBS 5mM EDTA 1%BSA.

- Re-suspend your cells in PBS 5mM EDTA 1%BSA and filter through a 40μm filter \(BD Bioscience, #352340) immediately prior to counter stain.

- Block single cell suspension with an antibody against CD16/32 for 5 minutes on ice.

- Stain single cell with anti-mouse CD31-PE-Cy7, anti-mouse ter119-BV421 and anti-mouse CD45-PE for 30 minutes.

- Wash twice with 5mM EDTA 1%BSA

- Re-suspend your cell in 5mM EDTA 1%BSA 300nM DAPI, and proceed to cell sorting.

- Haematopoietic and erythroid cells were removed via CD45 and TER119 gate exclusion, and living adult mouse ECs were defined and sorted as VEcad⁺CD31⁺CD45^-ter119^-DAPI^-. All cells are interrogated by examining FSC-H and FSC-W in order to discern single cells from two or more cells in close proximity to each other. Repeated by comparing SSC-H to SSC-W, to ensure that only ECs are collected without perivascular, lymphatic ECs, and hematopoietic cells cell contamination. Adult murine ECs are sorted with BD SORP FACS ARIA2 at 25psi, using 100 micron nozzle.

• Critical point: on BD FACSARIA2 flow rate should not exceed 5.0 to maximize adult endothelial cell viability.

- Sort 250,000 to 300,000 adult murine EC per well of fibronectin-coated twelve plate, in 250µl of mouse EC media.

• Critical point: Following cell sorting, centrifuge plates at 750 rpm for 5 min, carefully aspirate media and add 1ml of free EC media per well.

- Culture purified adult mouse EC cultures on fibronectin-coated plates in EC growth media in a humidified incubator at 37°C, 5%CO2, 5%02.

Isolation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells \(HUVECs) and generation of vascular niche ECs \(HUVEC-E4ORF1). ● TIMING ~3 weeks

- Isolate primary HUVECs as described^11,12 and cultured in EC growth medium.

- Transduce primary HUVECs with E4ORF1 gene \(serotype 5) as described in¹³ and culture them in human EC media in a humidified incubator at 37°C, 5%CO2, 5%02.

In vitro conversion of adult murine ECs into haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells \(rEC-HSPC). ● TIMING ~5 weeks

- Isolate adult mouse Runx1-rtTA ECs in mouse EC media as described and seed 250,000 to 300,000 cells on one well of fibronectin coated twelve plate. Grow to 90% confluency and expand until ECs cover six wells of a six well plate in mouse EC media.

• Critical point: refresh mouse EC media \(containing 5 μM SB431542) every 2 days, and maintain at 5%O₂ to prevent EC to mesenchymal transition. Inability to prevent EC to mesenchymal transition will lead to poor conversion process.

- Check for any contaminating CD45⁺ contaminating cells in your adult mouse Runx1-rtTA ECs by flow cytometry.

• Critical point: Proceed to an extra sort by flow cytometry to exclude any CD45+ contaminating cells from your adult mouse Runx1-rtTA ECs prior to transduction with FGRS.

- Expand the purified Runx1-rtTA ECs until ECs cover six wells of a six well plate in mouse EC media.

- Transduce Runx1-rtTA ECs with 10,000 picograms of FosB, Gfi1, Runx1, and Spi1 lentiviral particles / well in presence of 5µg of polybrene \(Sigma, TR-1003). Culture in mouse EC medium for 72 hours.

• Critical point: Check the phenotype of your isolated mouse ECs for CD31, VEcad and CD45 prior FGRS transduction. If VECad⁺CD31⁺CD45^- Runx1-rtTA ECs represent less than 90% of the culture, restart the isolation process.

- Induce FGRS with doxycycline \(1µg/ml) for 48 hours in mouse EC medium \(add doxycycline every 24 hours).

- Plate HUVEC-E4ORF1 on a six well plate in human EC media and grow to 50% confluency.

- Harvest FGRS-transduced Runx1-rtTA ECs using accutase and plate onto 50% confluent HUVEC-E4ORF1 well of a 6 well in mouse EC media with doxycycline \(1µg/ml).

- Add doxycycline \(1µg/ml) every 24 hours for 28 days. Replace conversion media every 48 hours.

• Critical point: Converted haematopoietic cells grow in suspension, to avoid any loss of converting or converted cells, place the media in a 1.5ml eppendorf tube, spin down at 500g for 5min at 4°C, aspirate the supernatant, feed with 1ml of fresh conversion media, add back to the 6 well.

Primary and secondary transplantation of rEC-HSPCs. ● TIMING ~40 weeks

- On day 27 of conversion, lethally irradiate \(900 cGy) CD45.1⁺ congenic recipients using ¹³⁷Cs gamma irradiation.

\! CAUTION: This step should be accepted and conducted in accordance to your Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees protocol.

• Critical point: Maintain your transplanted recipient under sulfatrim for the first two weeks following transplantation.

- On day 28 of conversion, harvest rEC-HSPC and HUVEC-E4ORF1 using accutase and wash twice with PBS 5mM EDTA 1%BSA.

- Block single cell suspension with an antibody against CD16/32 for 5 minutes on ice.

- Stain single cell with anti-human CD31-BV421, anti-mouse VECad-A647, anti-mouse CD31-PE Cy7 and anti-mouse CD45-PE.

- Wash twice with 5mM EDTA 1%BSA

- Re-suspend your cells in 5mM EDTA 1%BSA 300nM DAPI, and proceed to cell sorting.

- HUVEC-E4ORF1 feeder cells were excluded via hCD31 gating. rEC-HSPC were defined and sorted as VEcad^-mCD31^-Runx1-GFP⁺CD45⁺DAPI^-. All cells are interrogated by examining FSC-H and FSC-W to discern single cells from two or more cells in close vicinity. Repeated by comparing SSC-H to SSC-W, to ensure that only rEC-HSPCS are collected without HUVEC-E4ORF1 feeder cells. rEC-HSPCs are sorted with BD SORP FACS ARIA2 at 45psi, using 85-micron nozzle.

- Sort 800,000 VEcad^-mCD31^-Runx1-GFP⁺CD45⁺DAPI^-per CD45.1 recipient injected.

- Inject retro-orbitally 800,000 VEcad^-mCD31^-Runx1-GFP⁺CD45⁺DAPI^-into lethally irradiated CD45.1⁺ recipients. Maintain transplanted mice with moistened food and Sulfatrim for 14 days after transplant.

\! CAUTION: This step should be accepted and conducted in accordance to your Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees protocol.

• Critical point: Maintain your transplanted recipient under sulfatrim for the first two weeks following transplantation.

- Determine multi-lineage engraftment every 4 weeks for 20 weeks by flow cytometry of peripheral blood using DAPI to discriminate dead cells.

- After 20 weeks, proceed to secondary transplantation, isolate whole bone marrow from primary engrafted mice and transplant retro-orbitally into lethally irradiated CD45.1⁺ recipients.

\! CAUTION: This step should be accepted and conducted in accordance to your Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees protocol.

- Determine multi-lineage engraftment every 4 weeks for 20 weeks by flow cytometry of peripheral blood, using the aforementioned panel, using DAPi to discriminate dead cells.

Preparation of Peripheral Blood for staining. TIMING ~1.5 hours

- Collect blood in a heparinized tube and transfer to a tube with PBS 500 μl EDTA.

- Proceed to RBC lysis.

- Discard the supernatant and resuspend the cells in PBS 5mM EDTA 1%BSA at 2 x 106 cells per mL and proceed to cell staining. The following antibody panels were used.

Myeloid/B cell cocktail

T/B cockail

T/Effector/Memory/GD

BV421/Pac Blue

B220

CD3

GFP

Runx1 reporter

Gr1

CD4

PE-Cy7

CD45.1

CD62L

APC

Ter119

CD44

AF700

CD11b

CD45.2

TCR G/D

APC-Cy7

CD45.2

CD8

Preparation of Spleen for staining. TIMING ~1.5 hours

- Sacrifice endpoint transplanted mice by CO₂suffocation, and harvest spleens in ice cold PBS.

\! CAUTION: This step should be accepted and conducted in accordance to your Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees protocol.

- Slice the excised spleen into small pieces.

- Place the fragments onto a 40 µm strainer attached to a 50-mL conical tube.

- Press the excised spleen through the strainer using the plunger end of a syringe.

- Wash the cells through the strainer with ice cold PBS.

- Centrifuge the cell suspension at 500g for 5 minutes.

- Aspirate the supernatant.

- Proceed to RBC Lysis.

- Discard the supernatant and resuspend the cells in PBS 5mM EDTA 1%BSA at 2 x 106 cells per mL and proceed to cell staining. The following antibody panels were used.

T/B cocktail

T/Effector/Memory/GD

BV421/Pac Blue

CD3

GFP

Runx1 reporter

CD4

PE-Cy7

CD45.1

CD62L

APC

Ter119

CD44

AF700

CD45.2

TCR G/D

APC-Cy7

CD8

Preparation of BM for staining. TIMING ~1.5 hours

- Sacrifice endpoint transplanted mice by CO₂suffocation, and harvest spleens in ice cold PBS.

\! CAUTION: This step should be accepted and conducted in accordance to your Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees protocol.

- Isolate whole bone marrow from femurs by mechanically denuding all muscle and connective tissue and crush in a sterile mortar and pestle and digested with 2.5 mg/ml Collagenase A \(Roche) and 1 unit/ml Dispase II \(Roche) in Hank’s balanced salt solution at 37°C for 30 min with gentle agitation.

- Filter the resulting cell suspension through a 0.45 μm cell strainer \(BD Falcon) to a obtain single-cell suspension and proceed to cell straining.

- Quantify haematopoietic stem cells by flow cytometry. Haematopoietic stem cells are defined as, and the following antibody combination was used:

LKS SLAM- LT HSC

BV421/Pac Blue

Lineage cocktail

GFP

Runx1 reporter

Sca1

PE-Cy7

CD150

APC

c-kit

AF700

CD48

APC-Cy7

CD45.2

• Day -30: Adult murine Runx1-rtTA ECs isolation. HUVEC isolation and transduction with E4ORF1 adenoviral gene.

• Day -25 to -5: Expansion of Runx1-rtTA ECs and HUVEC E4ORF1 in their respective growth media.

• Day -5: Lentiviral transduction of Runx1-rtTA ECs with 10,000 pictograms of each FGRS particles.

• Day -3: Dox addition \(1ug/mL) to induce FGRS in adult Runx1-rtTA ECs EC. Plate FGRS-transduced Runx1-rtTA ECs on HUVEC-E4ORF1 feeder layer in mouse EC media.

• Day -1: Dox addition \(1ug/mL)

• Day 0: Switch to conversion media + Dox addition \(1ug/mL).

• sion of Runx1-rtTA ECs into rEC-HSPCs.

• Day 28: Transplantation of rEC-HSPCs into lethally irradiated CD45.1 recipients.

• Day 28 +4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 weeks \(I): Determine multi-lineage engraftment by flow cytometry of peripheral blood.

• Day 28 +4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 weeks \(II): Determine multi-lineage engraftment by flow cytometry of peripheral blood.

• During conversion, cells are transitioning through 3 sequential phases \(Fig. 2a):

1. Induction phase \(days 0-8): Doxycycline addition up-regulates the expression of conditional FGRS in adult murine lung VEcad⁺Runx1^-CD45^- Runx1-rtTA ECs cocultured with HUVEC-E4ORF1 \(Fig. 2a). Within 8 days, FGRS-transduced Runx1-rtTA ECs \(FGRS-ECs) turned on endogenous Runx1 expression giving rise to haemogenic-like ECs that have completed induction \(Fig. 2a,).

2. Specification phase \(days 8-20): Runx1⁺ ECs commit to an haematopoietic fate transitioning from VEcad⁺Runx1⁺CD45^- to VEcad⁺Runx1⁺CD45⁺ cells to VEcad^-Runx1⁺CD45⁺ cells and erase their vascular signature. This phase is characterized by morphological changes, acquisition of haematopoietic markers, and emergence of committed rEC-HSPCs with colony forming cell \(CFC) function independent of FGRS expression. rEC-HSPCs are endowed with multi-lineage progenitor properties, yielding CFC-GEMM, CFC-GM, and BFU-E colonies \(Fig. 2a-d), Phase picture. Time course from Figure 6, Detailed Snapshot from Movie, + CFC Figure 1 and extended).

3. Expansion phase \(days 20-28): total number of short-term repopulating/radioprotective cells, and lin^-c-kit⁺sca1⁺\(LKS) cells significantly increased \(Fig. 2c). rEC-LKS cells are generated and expand adherent to VN-ECs suggesting paracrine and juxtacrine angiocrine factors supplied by the VN-ECs maintain and expand LKS cells \(Fig. 2c).

• To assess HSC function in putative rEC-HSPCs, we transplanted converted cells into congenic recipient.

1. Circulating myeloid and lymphoid CD45.2⁺ haematopoietic cells derived from rEC-HSPCs can be detected in peripheral blood 4 to 20 weeks after transplantation \(Fig. 3a). Blood, marrow and spleen of recipients transplanted with rEC-HSPCs are replete with donor-derivedB cells and circulating T cellsin numbers and physiologic ratios like mice engrafted with normal WBM \(Fig. 3a).

2. Immunophenotyping of marrow cells revealed a normal frequency of donor-derived, immunophenotypically-marked HSCs \(CD45.2⁺CD48^-CD150⁺LKS; LKS-SLAM) in mice engrafted by rEC-HSCs or normal WBM. \(Fig. 3c).

• Examine the self-renewal potential of CD45.2⁺ rEC-HSPCs by transplanting un-fractionated marrow from 1o transplant recipients into lethally-irradiated 2^o recipients.

1. CD45.2⁺ myeloid and lymphoid cells in the blood of 2^o recipients can be detected from 4 to 20 weeks post-transplantation \(Fig. 3b).

2. The number of LKS-SLAM cells should be comparable in 2^o recipients of rEC-HSPCs and WBM \(Fig. 3d).

1 Wahlster, L. & Daley, G. Q. Progress towards generation of human haematopoietic stem cells. Nature cell biology 18, 1111-1117, doi:10.1038/ncb3419 \(2016).

2 Batta, K., Florkowska, M., Kouskoff, V. & Lacaud, G. Direct reprogramming of murine fibroblasts to hematopoietic progenitor cells. Cell reports 9, 1871-1884, doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2014.11.002 \(2014).

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S.R. is the founder and a non-paid consultant to Angiocrine Bioscience (AB), San Diego, CA.

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In vitro conversion of adult murine endothelial cells to hematopoietic stem cells.

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In vitro conversion of adult murine endothelial cells to hematopoietic stem cells.

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