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Angelita Simonetti

Stefano Marzi

Alexander Myasnikov

Attilio Fabbretti

Marat Yusupov

Claudio Gualerzi

Bruno Klaholz

Figure 1

Purification of _T. thermophilus_ translation initiation factors and characterization of the corresponding ribosome complexes by filter-binding assays

Multi-component macromolecular complexes such as ribosome complexes are prone to significant heterogeneity within in vitro reconstituted samples. This can make functional and structural studies difficult, especially in the case of transiently assembling complexes. Translation initiation in prokaryotes proceeds through the formation of transient initiation complexes of the ribosome with initiation factors IF1, IF2 and IF3. The formation of the 30S initiation complex \(30SIC) is accomplished in the very early phase of translation initiation, before the actual protein synthesis starts. In order to investigate the structure of the complex comprising the 30S ribosomal subunit, mRNA, fMet-tRNAfMet, IF1 and GTP-bound IF2, we have purified the components and characterized the complex formation by filter-binding assays. This was done with the aim of obtaining a high degree of homogeneity of the complex as desirable for structural studies such as by cryo-electron microscopy \(cryo-EM). Here we provide a protocol for the purification of the IFs and for the monitoring of their binding activity by nitrocellulose filter-binding assays using a radio-labelled tRNA. This procedure allows investigating the influence of the different protein factors and of the Mg2+ concentration on the formation of the initiation complex in order to optimize the stochiometry of each component.

LB medium \(Luria Bertani medium)


kanamycin


IPTG \(isopropyl &#x3B2;-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside)


Tris-HCl \(Tris \(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane hydrochloride)


HEPES-HCl \(4-\[2-hydroxyethyl]-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid) 


MgCl2 \(Merck)


Dithiotheritol \(DTT)


PMSF \(phenylmethanesulphonylfluoride)


DNase I


ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid \(EDTA)


NaCl


\(NH4)2SO4


KCl





Reagents for proteins purification 


&#x2022; Lysis buffer: 40 mM Tris-HCl \(pH 7.5), 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM DDT, DNaseI and freshly prepared PMSF solution.


Buffer for Q-sepharose chromatography


&#x2022; Buffer A: 40 mM Tris-HCl \(pH 7.5), 0.1 mM EDTA and 1mM DDT.


&#x2022; Buffer B: 40mM Tris-HCl, 0.1 mM EDTA, 1 mM DDT and 1M NaCl.


Buffer for Phenyl-sepharose


&#x2022; Buffer C :40 mM Tris-HCl \(pH 7.5), 0.1 mM EDTA, 1mM DDT and 1M \(NH4)2SO4.


&#x2022; Buffer D: 40 mM Tris-HCl \(pH 7.5), 0.1 mM EDTA and 1 mM DTT.


Buffer for gel filtration on Superdex-75


&#x2022; Buffer E: 20mM Tris-HCl \(pH 7.5), 5 mM MgCl2, 50 mM KCl and 1 mM DTT.


Buffer for filter-binding assay


&#x2022; Buffer F: 20mM HEPES \(pH 7.7), 8 mM MgAcetate, 70 mM NH4Cl, 50 mM KCl, 0.1 mM DTT.

&#x2022; French press


&#x2022; Centrifuge \(Beckman JLA16.250 rotor) and ultracentrifuge \(Beckman coulter Ti 50.2 rotor) 


&#x2022; Q-sepharose \(Sigma-Aldrich)


&#x2022; HighprepTM 16/10 Phenyl-sepharose \(Sigma-Aldrich)


&#x2022; Superdex-75 10/300 GL column \(GE-healthcare)


&#x2022; Spectrophotometer


&#x2022; unit for sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis \(SDS-PAGE)


&#x2022; for filter-binding assay: vacuum pump \(Millipore XX5522050), nitrocellulose discs \(Optitran BA-S 85 0.45 &#xB5;m Schleicher&amp;Schuell), filtration apparatus

A. Purification of initiation factors IF1 and IF2


1. The over-expression of the IFs is performed according to Gualerzi &amp; Pon, 1990, with some modification included here. From 1 liter of culture, 3.5g of cell are harvested and washed in lysis buffer by centrifugation \(Sorvall GSA rotor, 4000rpm) for 30 min at 4&#x2DA;C.
 2. Cells are re-suspended in lysis buffer containing DNase I \(10&#x3BC;g/ml) and fresh PMSF, cracked in a French Pressure cell \(10-1500 psi) and cell debris are removed by centrifugation \(Beckman JLA16.250 rotor) at 12 Krpm for 30 min at 4&#x2DA;C, resulting in the S30 fraction. Finally, ribosomes are removed from the supernatant \(S30) by ultracentrifugation \(Beckman coulter Ti 50.2 rotor) at 45Krpm for 2.5 hours at 4&#x2DA;C producing an S100 fraction.
 3. The S100 fraction is applied to a Q Sepharose&#x2122; Fast Flow column \(26/10, 6 ml/min flow rate) equilibrated with buffer A. After washing the column with 120ml of buffer A, bound proteins are eluted with a linear gradient of 0 to 1 M NaCl \(total volume 900 ml), and 12 ml fractions are collected. Then an SDS-PAGE analysis is performed in order to identify the fractions containing the pure IF that can be pooled together.
 4. Heating the pool of the Q-sepharose run at 65&#x2DA;C for 20&#x2019;, followed by a step on ice for 20 min, allows to denaturate most of the contaminating E. coli proteins that can then be removed by centrifugation \(Beckman JLA16.250 rotor) at 12 Krpm for 30 min at 4&#x2DA;C.
 6. For further purification, a phenyl-sepharose FF column \(HighprepTM 16/10, 4 ml/min flow rate) is used. This anion exchange chromatography step requires adding solid \(NH4)2SO4 to the sample in order to reach a final concentration of 1M. The supernatant depleted of contaminating E. coli proteins is applied to a phenyl-sepharose FF column pre-equilibrated with buffer C, and protein elution is performed with a linear gradient of 220 ml from 1 to 0 M of \(NH4)2SO4. Presence and quality of the purified IFs is determined by PAGE-SDS and the concentration by UV absorbance at 280 nm using extinction coefficients 26025 M-1 cm-1 for IF2 and 5960 M-1 cm-1 for IF1.
 7. Fractions containing IFs are pooled and the proteins precipitated by addition of solid \(NH4)2SO4 to 70% saturation. When fresh samples are required for structural studies, an aliquot of the precipitate is collected by centrifugation \(Beckman JLA16.250 rotor) and dissolved in the buffer E. The sample is applied to Superdex-75 10/300 GL column \(GE healthcare) pre-equilibrated with buffer E, and the fractions collected are checked by SDS-PAGE analysis. The integrity of IF1 and IF2 was checked by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation mass spectroscopy \(MALDI/MS).
 


B. Nitrocellulose filter-binding assay


Using the following protocol, the stability of 30S and 70S initiation complexes can be tested in order to obtain homogeneous complexes for cryo-EM studies \(Myasnikov _et al_., 2005; Simonetti _et al_., 2008, in press). Before starting the filter-binding assay, the 30S ribosomal subunits are activated in buffer F at 37&#xB0;C for 30 minutes. After ribosome activation the reaction mixture is prepared as follows:


1. Each reaction mixture contains \(in 15 &#xB5;l of buffer F) 0.5 mM GTP, 9 pmoles \(0.6 &#xB5;M) of T. thermophilus 30S ribosomal subunits and, unless the activity of one of the initiation factors is to be tested, 13.5 pmoles \(0.9 &#xB5;M) each of IF1, IF2, and IF3. 
 2. The binding reaction is started by the addition of 13.5 pmoles \(0.9 &#xB5;M) each of mRNA and f\[35S]Met-tRNAfMet.
 3. After 10 min incubation at 50&#xB0;C, the reaction was stopped by dilution 1:70 in buffer F and the amount of ribosome-bound f\[35S]Met-tRNAfMet is determined by filtering each reaction mixture through nitrocellulose discs.
 


Preparation and purification of tRNAfMet was performed as described by Dutka _et al_., 1993, and aminoacylation and formylation of tRNAfMet was perfomed as described by Milon _et al_., 2007.

IFs purification: 3 days.


Characterization by PAGE-SDS: sample preparation 30 min, SDS-PAGE 3 hours and Coomassie blue staining 2-5 hours.


Filter-binding assay: 1h, including 30 minutes of activation of 30S ribosomal subunits.

A) The heating step is critical for the purification of IF1 during which a significant amount of protein can be lost. Indeed, IF1 can get be removed by centrifugation together with the contaminating E. coli proteins.


B) Low concentration of the protein is critical for the precipitation of IF1 and IF2 by addition of solid \(NH4)2SO4 to 70% saturation.

IF1 purification: one can avoid the heating step by going directly to the following anion exchange chromatography step.

Examples of the results obtainable with this method for the 30SIC are shown in the Figure. The setup can become the basis for a large screening assay \(for example titration with Mg++, NH4+ ions or various component like mRNA with different Shine-Dalgarno sequences). In this case, the binding reactions described previously are adapted to a microtiter format. This can be obtained using a 96-well microtiter filter unit \(Multiscreen HTS Millipore MSHVN4B10) connected to a Millipore XX5522050 vacuum pump as described by Brandi _et al_. \(2007).

Boelens R. and Gualerzi C.O. Structure and function of bacterial initiation factors. _Curr. Protein Pept. Sci_., **3**, 107&#x2013;119 \(2002).


Brandi, L., Fabbretti, A., Milon, P., Carotti, M., Pon, C. L., Gualerzi, C. O. Methods for identifying compounds that specifically target translation. _Methods Enzymol_. **431**, 229-267 \(2007).


Gualerzi, C. O., &amp; Pon, C. L. Initiation of mRNA translation in prokaryotes. _Biochemistry_ **29**, 5881-5889 \(1990).


Gualerzi, C. O., Brandi, L., Caserta, E., Garofalo, C., Lammi, M. _et al_. Initiation factors in the early events of mRNA translation in bacteria. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 66, 363-376 \(2001).


Myasnikov, A. G., Marzi, S., Simonetti, A., Giuliodori, A. M., Gualerzi, C. O., _et al_. Conformational transition of initiation factor 2 from the GTP- to GDP-bound state visualized on the ribosome. _Nat Struct Mol Biol_ **12**, 1145-1149 \(2005).


Simonetti, A., Marzi, S. Myasnikov, A. G., Fabbretti, A., Yusupova, G., Yusupov, G., Gualerzi, C. O., Klaholz, B. P. Structure of the 30S translation initiation complex. _Nature_, 2008, in press.


Thompson, J. &amp; Dahlberg, A. E. Testing the conservation of the translational machinery over evolution in diverse environments: assaying Thermus thermophilus ribosomes and initiation factors in a coupled transcription-translation system from Escherichia coli. _Nucleic Acids Res_.  **32**, 5954-5961 \(2004).

We thank Jill Thompson \(Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA) for providing IF2 strains, Manuela Argentini for mass spectroscopy analysis of IF1 and IF2, and Gulnara Yusupova for her support. This work was supported by grants from the Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique \(CNRS), the Minist&#xE8;re de la Recherche et de la Technologie \(ACI BCMS), the European Molecular Biology Organization \(EMBO) Young Investigator Programme \(YIP), the Institut du D&#xE9;veloppement et des Ressources en Informatique Scientifique \(IDRIS, France), and the European Commission as SPINE2-complexes \(contract n_ LSHG-CT-2006-031220). A.S. is PhD student in a co-tutorial between Universit&#xE9; Louis Pasteur \(ULP), Strasbourg, and Universit&#xE0; di Camerino, and was supported by SPINE2-complexes, by the Institut National de la Sant&#xE9; et de la Recherche M&#xE9;dicale \(INSERM) and the Fondation de la Recherche M&#xE9;dicale \(FRM). S.M. was supported by postdoctoral fellowships from the ULP, CNRS and from the FRM, and A.G.M. was a recipient of postdoctoral fellowships from CNRS and FRM.

Method Article

Angelita Simonetti, Stefano Marzi, Alexander Myasnikov, Attilio Fabbretti, Marat Yusupov, Claudio Gualerzi, Bruno Klaholz

Angelita Simonetti

IGBMC, Illkirch, France

Stefano Marzi

IBMC/IGBMC, Strasbourg/ Illkirch, France

Alexander Myasnikov

IGBMC, Illkirch, France

Attilio Fabbretti

Laboratory of Genetics, University of Camerino, Italy

Marat Yusupov

IGBMC, Illkirch, France

Claudio Gualerzi

Laboratory of Genetics, University of Camerino, Italy

Bruno Klaholz

IGBMC, Illkirch, France

DOI:

10.1038/nprot.2008.130

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Structure of the 30S translation initiation complex

by Angelita Simonetti, Stefano Marzi, Alexander G. Myasnikov, +3

Nature (04 July, 2008)

Method Article

Angelita Simonetti, Stefano Marzi, Alexander Myasnikov, Attilio Fabbretti, Marat Yusupov, Claudio Gualerzi, Bruno Klaholz

Angelita Simonetti

IGBMC, Illkirch, France

Stefano Marzi

IBMC/IGBMC, Strasbourg/ Illkirch, France

Alexander Myasnikov

IGBMC, Illkirch, France

Attilio Fabbretti

Laboratory of Genetics, University of Camerino, Italy

Marat Yusupov

IGBMC, Illkirch, France

Claudio Gualerzi

Laboratory of Genetics, University of Camerino, Italy

Bruno Klaholz

IGBMC, Illkirch, France

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DOI:

10.1038/nprot.2008.130

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