This is a protocol preprint. Preprints are preliminary reports that have not undergone peer review. They should not be considered conclusive, used to inform clinical practice, or referenced by the media as validated information.
Method Article
Preparation of cell-sized water-in-oil droplets for in vitro reconstitution of biological processes in cellular compartments
Makito Miyazaki
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
Corresponding Author
License:
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License
This protocol presents a method for encapsulation of purified proteins into cell-sized water-in-oil droplets surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer, which can be broadly applied to studies to reconstitute biological processes in cellular compartments.
Keywords
water-in-oil droplet, liposome, artificial cell, reconstitution, cytoskeleton, actin, myosin, contractile ring
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
In the past decade, in vitro reconstitution of biological processes from component molecules has been regarded as a powerful approach to uncover the underlying design principles of cells1. This bottom-up approach enables independent, precise control of biochemical parameters, such as protein composition and concentration, and physical parameters, such as boundary conditions and system size. Thus, the minimal necessary components and specific physical conditions essential for realizing biological functions can be identified.
Here, we present a simple protocol for encapsulating purified proteins into cell-sized water-in-oil droplets surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer to mimic the cell boundary. This water-in-oil droplet system has been extensively utilized to investigate the effects of cellular microenvironments on various biological processes, including the self-organization of cytoskeletal architecture2–8 and gene expression9,10. We adopted this system to elucidate the direct contribution of the cellular boundary to the assembly of the cytokinetic ring, and clarified that actin filaments and myosin motors can self-organize into ring-shaped contractile bundles when they are confined to a cell-sized spherical space, even without spatiotemporal regulatory signals11. The protocol described below was according to our previous reports11,12.
• Phospholipids (Avanti Polar Lipids, Alabama, USA), e.g. L-α-phosphatidylcholine from chicken egg yolk (egg PC; 840051P), 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC; 850375P), or 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE; 850725P)
• Chloroform (034-02603; Wako Chemicals, Osaka Japan)
• Molecular sieves (4A; 04167-75; Nacalai Tesque, Kyoto, Japan)
• Mineral oil (23306-84; Nacalai Tesque, Kyoto, Japan)
• Valap (a mixture of Vaseline, lanolin, and paraffin at equal weight ratios)
• Purified protein solution
• Vacuum desiccator
• Dry bath incubator
• Vortex mixer
• Water bath sonicator (AS12GTU; As One, Osaka, Japan)
• Glass test tube (1.5 mL: 0407-03; Maruemu, Osaka, Japan)
• Microcentrifuge tube (1.5 mL: 0030120086; Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany)
• Heat-resistant sealing film (DuraSeal; Diversified Biotech, Massachusetts, USA)
• Silicone-coated coverslip (24 × 36 mm2, thickness No. 1: custom-order; Matsunami Glass, Tokyo, Japan; or equivalent hydrophobic-surfaced coverslip)
• Normal coverslip (18 × 18 mm2, thickness No. 1: C218181; Matsunami Glass, Tokyo, Japan)
• Double-sided adhesive tape (thickness: ~100 μm)
• Floating microcentrifuge tube rack
• Micropipettes
• Optical microscope
PREPARATION OF A LIPID DRY FILM
- Dissolve phospholipids in chloroform (dehydrated with molecular sieves) to a final concentration of 20 mM.
- Dispense the lipid solution into glass test tubes (50 μL per tube).
- Place the test tubes in a vacuum desiccator.
- Evacuate overnight at room temperature in the dark to completely remove chloroform (Fig. 1a).
Store lipid dry films in a vacuum desiccator at room temperature in the dark. The lipid dry films should be used within 1 month.
Tips: Phospholipids should be stored at −20 °C under a nitrogen atmosphere in the dark.
PREPARATION OF LIPID-OIL MIXTURE
- Mix mineral oil by gentle inversion just before use.
- Collect a lipid dry film sample from a vacuum desiccator.
- Place 1 mL of mineral oil into the glass test tube.
- Seal the top of the tube with a heat-resistant sealing film (Fig. 1b).
- Incubate the tube at 80 °C for ~15 min in a dry bath incubator.
- Dissolve the lipid dry film by vortexing (~10 s; Fig. 1c).
- If the lipid dry film remains at the bottom of the tube, repeat steps 10 and 11.
- Set the tube in a floating rack and float in a water bath sonicator.
- Sonicate the tube for 90 min at 60 °C and 60 W power (Fig. 1d).
- Immediately after sonication, mix the lipid-oil mixture by vortexing (~10 s).
- Cool to room temperature and incubate overnight at room temperature in the dark.
The concentration of lipids in oil is 1 mM. Store the lipid-oil mixture at room temperature in the dark, and use within 1 week of preparation.
PREPARATION OF A FLOW CHAMBER
- Place two pieces of double-sided adhesive tape (thickness: 100 μm) onto a silicone-coated coverslip with a 8 mm gap between them.
Place a normal coverslip on top of the gap, to produce a chamber of 18 mm × 8 mm × 100 μm (see Fig. 2c).
ENCAPSLATION OF PROTEINS INTO WATER-IN-OIL DROPLETS
- Mix lipid-oil mixture by vortexing immediately before use.
- Transfer 80 μL of the lipid-oil mixture into a 1.5-mL microcentrifuge tube pre-equilibrated to a desired temperature.
- Pipet 2 μL of protein solution directly into the lipid-oil mixture in the microcentrifuge tube (Fig. 2a).
- Mix the lipid-oil mixture and protein solutions by vortexing for 10–30 s to form water-in-oil droplets (Fig. 2b). The droplet size can be controlled by optimizing the power and duration of vortexing.
- Perfuse the water-in-oil emulsion into a flow chamber (Fig. 2c).
- Seal the flow chamber with Valap (Fig. 2d).
- Observe the water-in-oil droplets using an optical microscope (Fig. 3).
• Preparation of lipid dry films requires an overnight step. The lipid dry films should be stored in a vacuum desiccator at room temperature in the dark, and used within 1 month of preparation.
• Preparation of lipid-oil mixture is performed in 1 day. The lipid-oil mixture should be stored at room temperature in the dark, and used within 1 week of preparation.
• Encapsulation of proteins in water-in-oil droplets takes ~5 min.
- Liu, A. P. & Fletcher, D. A. Biology under construction: in vitro reconstitution of cellular function. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 10, 644–650 (2009).
- Hase, M. & Yoshikawa, K. Structural transition of actin filament in a cell-sized water droplet with a phospholipid membrane. J. Chem. Phys. 124, 104903 (2006).
- Claessens, M. M. A. E., Tharmann, R., Kroy, K. & Bausch, A. R. Microstructure and viscoelasticity of confined semiflexible polymer networks. Nat. Phys. 2, 186–189 (2006).
- Pinot, M. et al. Effects of confinement on the self-organization of microtubules and motors. Curr. Biol. 19, 954–960 (2009).
- Negishi, M., Sakaue, T., Takiguchi, K. & Yoshikawa, K. Cooperation between giant DNA molecules and actin filaments in a microsphere. Phys. Rev. E 81, 051921 (2010).
- Pinot, M. et al. Confinement induces actin flow in a meiotic cytoplasm. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 109, 11705–11710 (2012).
- Hazel, J. et al. Changes in cytoplasmic volume are sufficient to drive spindle scaling. Science 342, 853–856 (2013).
- Good, M. C., Vahey, M. D., Skandarajah, A., Fletcher, D. A. & Heald, R. Cytoplasmic volume modulates spindle size during embryogenesis. Science 342, 856–860 (2013).
- Kato, A., Yanagisawa, M., Sato, Y. T., Fujiwara, K. & Yoshikawa, K. Cell-sized confinement in microspheres accelerates the reaction of gene expression. Sci. Rep. 2, 283 (2012).
- Matsuura, T. et al. Effects of compartment size on the kinetics of intracompartmental multimeric protein synthesis. ACS Synth. Biol. 1, 431–437 (2012).
- Miyazaki, M., Chiba, M., Eguchi, H., Ohki, T. & Ishiwata, S. Cell-sized spherical confinement induces the spontaneous formation of contractile actomyosin rings in vitro. Nat. Cell Biol., in press.
- Chiba, M., Miyazaki, M. & Ishiwata, S. Quantitative analysis of the lamellarity of giant liposomes prepared by the inverted emulsion method. Biophys. J. 107, 346–354 (2014).
This work was supported in part by a Sasakawa Scientific Research Grant from The Japan Science Society to M.M., Grants-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B) and Scientific Research on Innovative Areas to M.M., and Grants-in-Aid for Specially Promoted Research and Scientific Research (S) to S.I. from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan.
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Associated Publications
Cell-sized spherical confinement induces the spontaneous formation of contractile actomyosin rings in vitro
by Makito Miyazaki, Masataka Chiba, Hiroki Eguchi, +2
Nature Cell Biology (23 March, 2015)
Quantitative Analysis of the Lamellarity of Giant Liposomes Prepared by the Inverted Emulsion Method
by Masataka Chiba, Makito Miyazaki, and Shin’ichi Ishiwata
Biophysical Journal (20 March, 2015)
Method Article
Preparation of cell-sized water-in-oil droplets for in vitro reconstitution of biological processes in cellular compartments
Makito Miyazaki
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
Corresponding Author
Version History
CURRENT STATUS: Posted
Version 1
Posted 24 Mar, 2015
Metrics
Comments: 0
HTML Views: ...
License:
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License
This protocol presents a method for encapsulation of purified proteins into cell-sized water-in-oil droplets surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer, which can be broadly applied to studies to reconstitute biological processes in cellular compartments.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
In the past decade, in vitro reconstitution of biological processes from component molecules has been regarded as a powerful approach to uncover the underlying design principles of cells1. This bottom-up approach enables independent, precise control of biochemical parameters, such as protein composition and concentration, and physical parameters, such as boundary conditions and system size. Thus, the minimal necessary components and specific physical conditions essential for realizing biological functions can be identified.
Here, we present a simple protocol for encapsulating purified proteins into cell-sized water-in-oil droplets surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer to mimic the cell boundary. This water-in-oil droplet system has been extensively utilized to investigate the effects of cellular microenvironments on various biological processes, including the self-organization of cytoskeletal architecture2–8 and gene expression9,10. We adopted this system to elucidate the direct contribution of the cellular boundary to the assembly of the cytokinetic ring, and clarified that actin filaments and myosin motors can self-organize into ring-shaped contractile bundles when they are confined to a cell-sized spherical space, even without spatiotemporal regulatory signals11. The protocol described below was according to our previous reports11,12.
• Phospholipids (Avanti Polar Lipids, Alabama, USA), e.g. L-α-phosphatidylcholine from chicken egg yolk (egg PC; 840051P), 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC; 850375P), or 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE; 850725P)
• Chloroform (034-02603; Wako Chemicals, Osaka Japan)
• Molecular sieves (4A; 04167-75; Nacalai Tesque, Kyoto, Japan)
• Mineral oil (23306-84; Nacalai Tesque, Kyoto, Japan)
• Valap (a mixture of Vaseline, lanolin, and paraffin at equal weight ratios)
• Purified protein solution
• Vacuum desiccator
• Dry bath incubator
• Vortex mixer
• Water bath sonicator (AS12GTU; As One, Osaka, Japan)
• Glass test tube (1.5 mL: 0407-03; Maruemu, Osaka, Japan)
• Microcentrifuge tube (1.5 mL: 0030120086; Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany)
• Heat-resistant sealing film (DuraSeal; Diversified Biotech, Massachusetts, USA)
• Silicone-coated coverslip (24 × 36 mm2, thickness No. 1: custom-order; Matsunami Glass, Tokyo, Japan; or equivalent hydrophobic-surfaced coverslip)
• Normal coverslip (18 × 18 mm2, thickness No. 1: C218181; Matsunami Glass, Tokyo, Japan)
• Double-sided adhesive tape (thickness: ~100 μm)
• Floating microcentrifuge tube rack
• Micropipettes
• Optical microscope
PREPARATION OF A LIPID DRY FILM
- Dissolve phospholipids in chloroform (dehydrated with molecular sieves) to a final concentration of 20 mM.
- Dispense the lipid solution into glass test tubes (50 μL per tube).
- Place the test tubes in a vacuum desiccator.
- Evacuate overnight at room temperature in the dark to completely remove chloroform (Fig. 1a).
Store lipid dry films in a vacuum desiccator at room temperature in the dark. The lipid dry films should be used within 1 month.
Tips: Phospholipids should be stored at −20 °C under a nitrogen atmosphere in the dark.
PREPARATION OF LIPID-OIL MIXTURE
- Mix mineral oil by gentle inversion just before use.
- Collect a lipid dry film sample from a vacuum desiccator.
- Place 1 mL of mineral oil into the glass test tube.
- Seal the top of the tube with a heat-resistant sealing film (Fig. 1b).
- Incubate the tube at 80 °C for ~15 min in a dry bath incubator.
- Dissolve the lipid dry film by vortexing (~10 s; Fig. 1c).
- If the lipid dry film remains at the bottom of the tube, repeat steps 10 and 11.
- Set the tube in a floating rack and float in a water bath sonicator.
- Sonicate the tube for 90 min at 60 °C and 60 W power (Fig. 1d).
- Immediately after sonication, mix the lipid-oil mixture by vortexing (~10 s).
- Cool to room temperature and incubate overnight at room temperature in the dark.
The concentration of lipids in oil is 1 mM. Store the lipid-oil mixture at room temperature in the dark, and use within 1 week of preparation.
PREPARATION OF A FLOW CHAMBER
- Place two pieces of double-sided adhesive tape (thickness: 100 μm) onto a silicone-coated coverslip with a 8 mm gap between them.
Place a normal coverslip on top of the gap, to produce a chamber of 18 mm × 8 mm × 100 μm (see Fig. 2c).
ENCAPSLATION OF PROTEINS INTO WATER-IN-OIL DROPLETS
- Mix lipid-oil mixture by vortexing immediately before use.
- Transfer 80 μL of the lipid-oil mixture into a 1.5-mL microcentrifuge tube pre-equilibrated to a desired temperature.
- Pipet 2 μL of protein solution directly into the lipid-oil mixture in the microcentrifuge tube (Fig. 2a).
- Mix the lipid-oil mixture and protein solutions by vortexing for 10–30 s to form water-in-oil droplets (Fig. 2b). The droplet size can be controlled by optimizing the power and duration of vortexing.
- Perfuse the water-in-oil emulsion into a flow chamber (Fig. 2c).
- Seal the flow chamber with Valap (Fig. 2d).
- Observe the water-in-oil droplets using an optical microscope (Fig. 3).
• Preparation of lipid dry films requires an overnight step. The lipid dry films should be stored in a vacuum desiccator at room temperature in the dark, and used within 1 month of preparation.
• Preparation of lipid-oil mixture is performed in 1 day. The lipid-oil mixture should be stored at room temperature in the dark, and used within 1 week of preparation.
• Encapsulation of proteins in water-in-oil droplets takes ~5 min.
- Liu, A. P. & Fletcher, D. A. Biology under construction: in vitro reconstitution of cellular function. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 10, 644–650 (2009).
- Hase, M. & Yoshikawa, K. Structural transition of actin filament in a cell-sized water droplet with a phospholipid membrane. J. Chem. Phys. 124, 104903 (2006).
- Claessens, M. M. A. E., Tharmann, R., Kroy, K. & Bausch, A. R. Microstructure and viscoelasticity of confined semiflexible polymer networks. Nat. Phys. 2, 186–189 (2006).
- Pinot, M. et al. Effects of confinement on the self-organization of microtubules and motors. Curr. Biol. 19, 954–960 (2009).
- Negishi, M., Sakaue, T., Takiguchi, K. & Yoshikawa, K. Cooperation between giant DNA molecules and actin filaments in a microsphere. Phys. Rev. E 81, 051921 (2010).
- Pinot, M. et al. Confinement induces actin flow in a meiotic cytoplasm. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 109, 11705–11710 (2012).
- Hazel, J. et al. Changes in cytoplasmic volume are sufficient to drive spindle scaling. Science 342, 853–856 (2013).
- Good, M. C., Vahey, M. D., Skandarajah, A., Fletcher, D. A. & Heald, R. Cytoplasmic volume modulates spindle size during embryogenesis. Science 342, 856–860 (2013).
- Kato, A., Yanagisawa, M., Sato, Y. T., Fujiwara, K. & Yoshikawa, K. Cell-sized confinement in microspheres accelerates the reaction of gene expression. Sci. Rep. 2, 283 (2012).
- Matsuura, T. et al. Effects of compartment size on the kinetics of intracompartmental multimeric protein synthesis. ACS Synth. Biol. 1, 431–437 (2012).
- Miyazaki, M., Chiba, M., Eguchi, H., Ohki, T. & Ishiwata, S. Cell-sized spherical confinement induces the spontaneous formation of contractile actomyosin rings in vitro. Nat. Cell Biol., in press.
- Chiba, M., Miyazaki, M. & Ishiwata, S. Quantitative analysis of the lamellarity of giant liposomes prepared by the inverted emulsion method. Biophys. J. 107, 346–354 (2014).
This work was supported in part by a Sasakawa Scientific Research Grant from The Japan Science Society to M.M., Grants-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B) and Scientific Research on Innovative Areas to M.M., and Grants-in-Aid for Specially Promoted Research and Scientific Research (S) to S.I. from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan.
Associated Publications
Cell-sized spherical confinement induces the spontaneous formation of contractile actomyosin rings in vitro
by Makito Miyazaki, Masataka Chiba, Hiroki Eguchi, +2
Nature Cell Biology (23 March, 2015)
Quantitative Analysis of the Lamellarity of Giant Liposomes Prepared by the Inverted Emulsion Method
by Masataka Chiba, Makito Miyazaki, and Shin’ichi Ishiwata
Biophysical Journal (20 March, 2015)