This is a protocol preprint. Preprints are preliminary reports that have not undergone peer review. They should not be considered conclusive, used to inform clinical practice, or referenced by the media as validated information.
Method Article
tRNA Northern Analysis
Brian Jester
Université de Strasbourg
Corresponding Author
License:
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License
This protocol provides a means to define the level of aminoacylation for a specific tRNA in vivo.
Keywords
tRNA
Herein describes a method for extracting total RNA from a cell, resolving the charged and uncharged species by electrophoresis and the blotting/detection of a specific tRNA species.
LB media
Sodium Acetate 0.3M (pH 4.5), 10 mM EDTA.
sodium acetate 10 mM (pH4.5)
sodium acetate 1.0 M (pH 5.0)
sodium acetate 0.3 M (pH5.0)
etoH
phenol:chloroform (pH 4.7)
40% polyacrylamide (19:1)
urea
100 mM Tris-Hcl, 100 mM NaCl pH 9.5
1.0 M Tris-Oac pH 7.8
EDTA (0.5 M pH 8.0)
incubator to grow culture
centrifuge
microfuge
vortex
spectrophotometer
agarose gel electrophoresis
BioRad miniprotein II rig for gel running/blotting
hot water bath
UV crosslinker
hybridization oven
Culture Growth (B. subtilis)
- Grow an overnight 5.0 ml LB culture of the strains to be evaluated.
- Inoculate the overnights to 30 ml LB and do a short growth curve to get the cells at mid log-phase (OD600 = 0.5).
- Pellet cells at 5k, 5 min., 4∞C. All steps and solutions from here forward are to be on ice.
- Re-suspend pellet in 300ml cold Sodium Acetate (0.3M, pH 4.5), 10 mM EDTA.
- Cells added to 0.3 g of glass beads and snap froze in etoH and dry ice bath then transferred to –20 degrees C. hold samples here until all cultures are at this point
tRNA Extraction
- Add 300ml phenol:chloroform (pH 4.7) to the samples.
- Vortex eppy 4-5 times for 30 second bursts with incubation on ice in between.
- Centrifuge samples for 15 minutes, 4∞C, max speed.
- Transfer top layer (aqueous phase) to new tubes and repeat the phenol
extraction by adding 300ul phenol:chloroform (pH 4.7), spinning for 15 minutes, 4∞C,
max speed & removing the aqueous phase to a fresh eppy.- The RNA is etoH precipitated by adding 3 volumes of cold 100% EtOH and spinning
at max speed for 25 minutes, 4∞C.
- RNA pellet is re-suspended in 60 ul cold sodium acetate (0.3 M, pH 4.5).
- Precipitate the RNA by adding 400 ul 100% etoH and spinning at max speed for 25 min., 4∞C. decant.. spin again 1 min. and remove traces of etoH w/ pipette..
- air dry the pellet while on ice..
- re-suspend the pellet in 50 ul cold sodium acetate (10 mM, pH4.5).
- quantitate RNA by spectrophotometry (A260) and analyze the integrity of the RNA by running a 2.0% agarose gel.
Gel Electrophoresis
- Mix the RNA sample with 2X loading buffer. (recipe step #18)
- Run the14% denaturing acid gel at 50 volts, 4∞C for 24 hours .. Using BioRad miniprotein II gel rigs (1.0 mm)…. make ea. gel as follows..
3.5 ml - 40% polyacrylamide \(19:1)
4.2 g - urea
3.0 ml – sodium acetate 1.0 M \(pH 5.0)…….. final concentration is 0.3M
melt this urea by heating in 70 degree C H<sub>2</sub>O bath
pH adjust the melted acrylamide/urea gel to pH 5.0 by adding acetic acid as needed (spotting onto pH paper) de-gass gel solution and polymerize w / 34 ul TEMED & 124 ul 10% amonium persulfate.
- Make the 2X loading dye.. 4.2 g - urea
3.0 ml – sodium acetate 1.0 M \(pH 5.0)…….. final concentration is 0.3M
melt the urea by heating in 70 degree C H2O bath, Qs volume to 10.0 ml w/ H<sub>2</sub>O
pH adjust the melted solution to pH 5.0 by adding acetic acid as needed
add 5 ug xylene cyanol and 5 ug bromophenol blue- tRNA de-acylation: add an equal volume of (100 mM Tris-Hcl, 100 mM NaCl pH 9.5) to RNA samples and incubate 70 degree C, 30 min.
- electrophoresis buffer: 0.3 M sodium acetate pH5.0
IMPORTANT NOTE:
The pH of the buffer will drift during the electrophoresis run… the inside will become very basic and this will cause the de-acylation of samples… 0.3 M sodium acetate pH 5.0 will be stable for 7-8 hours of electrophoresis.. the buffer must be routinely removed from the unit and mixed, then returned to continue the run. Repeat for the entire 24 hour run, 50V, 4∞C. The tRNAs should have migrated to about 3/4 down the gel. The 0.3 M sodium acetate electrophoresis buffer must be pH adjusted using acetic acid and not HCl.
Transfer
- Electroblot the RNA to nylon membranes using the biorad western blotting
sandwhich cassettes… transfer buffer:
final concentration 1 liter
Tris-OAc pH 7.8 \(10 mM)-------------10 ml 1.0 M Tris-Oac pH 7.8
Sodium Acetate \(5 mM)---------------0.41 g Sodium Acetate
EDTA \(0.5 mM)------------------------- 1.0 ml EDTA \(0.5 M pH 8.0)
Transfer conditions: 40v, 2 hours, 4 degree C.UV crosslink RNA to membrane using optimal setting on UV crosslinker. After crosslinking any blocking/hybridization/detection method of your choice can be applied to the blot
Hybridization & Detection (using DIG tailed oligos)
- DIG tailed probe prepared per manufacturer’s protocol.
- Prehybridize membrane 2 hours 42 degrees C in hyb bottles w/ 25 ml prehyb. 50 ml prehyb buffer
500 ul -- 10% N- lauroylsarcosine
12.5 ml ---20 x SSC
5 ml -------10 X blocking reagent (Roche cat # 1096176)
50 ul ------20% SDS
300 ul ----salmon sperm DNA (3.7 mg/ml). QS to final volume of 50 ml w/ ddH2O
- Hybridize w/ 1.5 pmol DIG tailed probe / ml hyb solution Overnight 42 degrees C 50 ml hyb buffer
500 ul -- 10% N- lauroylsarcosine
12.5 ml ---20 x SSC
5 ml -------10 X blocking reagent \(Roche cat # 1096176 diluted in maleic acid buffer)50 ul ------20% SDS
QS to final volume of 50 ml w/ ddH2O
- Post-hybridization washes 1 wash for 15 min, 42 degrees C, (6XSSC, 0.1%SDS)
2 washes for 15 min. ea., 42 degrees C, (4XSSC, 0.1%SDS)
1 wash for 15 min, room temp, (2XSSC, 0.1%SDS)
- Dig detection:
- equilibrate filter for 2 min. in detection buffer (100 mM Tris-Hcl, 100 mM NaCl pH 9.5)
- block filter 30 min. in 1X blocking reagent \(the 10 X blocking reagent diluted in maleic
acid buffer) room temperature.
- hybridize anti-DIG AP FAB fragments \(1:10,000) in 1X blocking reagent for 30 min
room temp.
- wash filters 2 X in washing buffer \(maleic acid buffer w/ 0.3% Tween)
- dropwise add substrate \(CSPD ready to use) onto filters.. seal in bag.
- incubate filters in the bag at 37 degree C for 15 min..then expose filters to film for a duration of time to give a good exposure, picture.
To grow cells, an overnight preculture followed by a 2-3 hour culture to obtain logarithmic growing cells.
Isolation of total RNA and preparation/loading of the gel takes approximately 4-5 hours.
the electrophoresis run is 24 hours.
blotting and blocking takes 4 hours
hybridize overnight
washes and detection takes about 2 hours
Total Time: 3 days
Several things to consider about detection!
This protocol outlines the use of DIG-tailed oligos. From experience… We have found that the addition of the DIG-UTPs to the end of the oligo can cause hybridization problems in some circumstances. For hybridization/detection We have had much more reproducible results when I switched to using biotinylated oligos and the Phototope®-Star Detection Kit from NEB. Obviously, using radioactive probes would also cause no hybridization interference and works quite well.You should have two bands resolved on your blot. The upper band is the aminoacylated tRNA and the bottom band is the uncharged species. The lane that contains the deacylated sample will have only the lower band which corresponds to the tRNA only.
Jester BC, Levengood JD, Roy H, Ibba M, Devine KM. Nonorthologous replacement of lysyl-tRNA synthetase prevents addition of lysine analogues to the genetic code. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Nov 25;100(24):14351-6
This is a list of supplementary files associated with this preprint. Click to download.
- tRNANorthern.pdf
protocol_pdf tRNA Northern
Version History
CURRENT STATUS: Posted
Version 1
Posted 03 May, 2011
Metrics
Comments: 0
HTML Views: ...
Subject Areas
Molecular Biology
Associated Publications
Stationary-phase expression and aminoacylation of a transfer-RNA-like small RNA
by Sandro F Ataide, Brian C Jester, Kevin M Devine, +1
EMBO reports (26 April, 2011)
The T box regulatory element controlling expression of the class I lysyl-tRNA synthetase of Bacillus cereus strain 14579 is functional and can be partially induced by reduced charging of asparaginyl-tRNAAsn
by Niall Foy, Brian Jester, Gavin C Conant, +1
BMC Microbiology (26 April, 2011)
A natural genetic code expansion cassette enables transmissible biosynthesis and genetic encoding of pyrrolysine
by D. G. Longstaff, R. C. Larue, J. E. Faust, +4
Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences (26 April, 2011)
Method Article
tRNA Northern Analysis
Brian Jester
Université de Strasbourg
Corresponding Author
Version History
CURRENT STATUS: Posted
Version 1
Posted 03 May, 2011
Metrics
Comments: 0
HTML Views: ...
Subject Areas
Molecular Biology
License:
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License
This protocol provides a means to define the level of aminoacylation for a specific tRNA in vivo.
Herein describes a method for extracting total RNA from a cell, resolving the charged and uncharged species by electrophoresis and the blotting/detection of a specific tRNA species.
LB media
Sodium Acetate 0.3M (pH 4.5), 10 mM EDTA.
sodium acetate 10 mM (pH4.5)
sodium acetate 1.0 M (pH 5.0)
sodium acetate 0.3 M (pH5.0)
etoH
phenol:chloroform (pH 4.7)
40% polyacrylamide (19:1)
urea
100 mM Tris-Hcl, 100 mM NaCl pH 9.5
1.0 M Tris-Oac pH 7.8
EDTA (0.5 M pH 8.0)
incubator to grow culture
centrifuge
microfuge
vortex
spectrophotometer
agarose gel electrophoresis
BioRad miniprotein II rig for gel running/blotting
hot water bath
UV crosslinker
hybridization oven
Culture Growth (B. subtilis)
- Grow an overnight 5.0 ml LB culture of the strains to be evaluated.
- Inoculate the overnights to 30 ml LB and do a short growth curve to get the cells at mid log-phase (OD600 = 0.5).
- Pellet cells at 5k, 5 min., 4∞C. All steps and solutions from here forward are to be on ice.
- Re-suspend pellet in 300ml cold Sodium Acetate (0.3M, pH 4.5), 10 mM EDTA.
- Cells added to 0.3 g of glass beads and snap froze in etoH and dry ice bath then transferred to –20 degrees C. hold samples here until all cultures are at this point
tRNA Extraction
- Add 300ml phenol:chloroform (pH 4.7) to the samples.
- Vortex eppy 4-5 times for 30 second bursts with incubation on ice in between.
- Centrifuge samples for 15 minutes, 4∞C, max speed.
- Transfer top layer (aqueous phase) to new tubes and repeat the phenol
extraction by adding 300ul phenol:chloroform (pH 4.7), spinning for 15 minutes, 4∞C,
max speed & removing the aqueous phase to a fresh eppy.- The RNA is etoH precipitated by adding 3 volumes of cold 100% EtOH and spinning
at max speed for 25 minutes, 4∞C.
- RNA pellet is re-suspended in 60 ul cold sodium acetate (0.3 M, pH 4.5).
- Precipitate the RNA by adding 400 ul 100% etoH and spinning at max speed for 25 min., 4∞C. decant.. spin again 1 min. and remove traces of etoH w/ pipette..
- air dry the pellet while on ice..
- re-suspend the pellet in 50 ul cold sodium acetate (10 mM, pH4.5).
- quantitate RNA by spectrophotometry (A260) and analyze the integrity of the RNA by running a 2.0% agarose gel.
Gel Electrophoresis
- Mix the RNA sample with 2X loading buffer. (recipe step #18)
- Run the14% denaturing acid gel at 50 volts, 4∞C for 24 hours .. Using BioRad miniprotein II gel rigs (1.0 mm)…. make ea. gel as follows..
3.5 ml - 40% polyacrylamide \(19:1)
4.2 g - urea
3.0 ml – sodium acetate 1.0 M \(pH 5.0)…….. final concentration is 0.3M
melt this urea by heating in 70 degree C H<sub>2</sub>O bath
pH adjust the melted acrylamide/urea gel to pH 5.0 by adding acetic acid as needed (spotting onto pH paper) de-gass gel solution and polymerize w / 34 ul TEMED & 124 ul 10% amonium persulfate.
- Make the 2X loading dye.. 4.2 g - urea
3.0 ml – sodium acetate 1.0 M \(pH 5.0)…….. final concentration is 0.3M
melt the urea by heating in 70 degree C H2O bath, Qs volume to 10.0 ml w/ H<sub>2</sub>O
pH adjust the melted solution to pH 5.0 by adding acetic acid as needed
add 5 ug xylene cyanol and 5 ug bromophenol blue- tRNA de-acylation: add an equal volume of (100 mM Tris-Hcl, 100 mM NaCl pH 9.5) to RNA samples and incubate 70 degree C, 30 min.
- electrophoresis buffer: 0.3 M sodium acetate pH5.0
IMPORTANT NOTE:
The pH of the buffer will drift during the electrophoresis run… the inside will become very basic and this will cause the de-acylation of samples… 0.3 M sodium acetate pH 5.0 will be stable for 7-8 hours of electrophoresis.. the buffer must be routinely removed from the unit and mixed, then returned to continue the run. Repeat for the entire 24 hour run, 50V, 4∞C. The tRNAs should have migrated to about 3/4 down the gel. The 0.3 M sodium acetate electrophoresis buffer must be pH adjusted using acetic acid and not HCl.
Transfer
- Electroblot the RNA to nylon membranes using the biorad western blotting
sandwhich cassettes… transfer buffer:
final concentration 1 liter
Tris-OAc pH 7.8 \(10 mM)-------------10 ml 1.0 M Tris-Oac pH 7.8
Sodium Acetate \(5 mM)---------------0.41 g Sodium Acetate
EDTA \(0.5 mM)------------------------- 1.0 ml EDTA \(0.5 M pH 8.0)
Transfer conditions: 40v, 2 hours, 4 degree C.UV crosslink RNA to membrane using optimal setting on UV crosslinker. After crosslinking any blocking/hybridization/detection method of your choice can be applied to the blot
Hybridization & Detection (using DIG tailed oligos)
- DIG tailed probe prepared per manufacturer’s protocol.
- Prehybridize membrane 2 hours 42 degrees C in hyb bottles w/ 25 ml prehyb. 50 ml prehyb buffer
500 ul -- 10% N- lauroylsarcosine
12.5 ml ---20 x SSC
5 ml -------10 X blocking reagent (Roche cat # 1096176)
50 ul ------20% SDS
300 ul ----salmon sperm DNA (3.7 mg/ml). QS to final volume of 50 ml w/ ddH2O
- Hybridize w/ 1.5 pmol DIG tailed probe / ml hyb solution Overnight 42 degrees C 50 ml hyb buffer
500 ul -- 10% N- lauroylsarcosine
12.5 ml ---20 x SSC
5 ml -------10 X blocking reagent \(Roche cat # 1096176 diluted in maleic acid buffer)50 ul ------20% SDS
QS to final volume of 50 ml w/ ddH2O
- Post-hybridization washes 1 wash for 15 min, 42 degrees C, (6XSSC, 0.1%SDS)
2 washes for 15 min. ea., 42 degrees C, (4XSSC, 0.1%SDS)
1 wash for 15 min, room temp, (2XSSC, 0.1%SDS)
- Dig detection:
- equilibrate filter for 2 min. in detection buffer (100 mM Tris-Hcl, 100 mM NaCl pH 9.5)
- block filter 30 min. in 1X blocking reagent \(the 10 X blocking reagent diluted in maleic
acid buffer) room temperature.
- hybridize anti-DIG AP FAB fragments \(1:10,000) in 1X blocking reagent for 30 min
room temp.
- wash filters 2 X in washing buffer \(maleic acid buffer w/ 0.3% Tween)
- dropwise add substrate \(CSPD ready to use) onto filters.. seal in bag.
- incubate filters in the bag at 37 degree C for 15 min..then expose filters to film for a duration of time to give a good exposure, picture.
To grow cells, an overnight preculture followed by a 2-3 hour culture to obtain logarithmic growing cells.
Isolation of total RNA and preparation/loading of the gel takes approximately 4-5 hours.
the electrophoresis run is 24 hours.
blotting and blocking takes 4 hours
hybridize overnight
washes and detection takes about 2 hours
Total Time: 3 days
Several things to consider about detection!
This protocol outlines the use of DIG-tailed oligos. From experience… We have found that the addition of the DIG-UTPs to the end of the oligo can cause hybridization problems in some circumstances. For hybridization/detection We have had much more reproducible results when I switched to using biotinylated oligos and the Phototope®-Star Detection Kit from NEB. Obviously, using radioactive probes would also cause no hybridization interference and works quite well.You should have two bands resolved on your blot. The upper band is the aminoacylated tRNA and the bottom band is the uncharged species. The lane that contains the deacylated sample will have only the lower band which corresponds to the tRNA only.
Jester BC, Levengood JD, Roy H, Ibba M, Devine KM. Nonorthologous replacement of lysyl-tRNA synthetase prevents addition of lysine analogues to the genetic code. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Nov 25;100(24):14351-6
Associated Publications
Stationary-phase expression and aminoacylation of a transfer-RNA-like small RNA
by Sandro F Ataide, Brian C Jester, Kevin M Devine, +1
EMBO reports (26 April, 2011)
The T box regulatory element controlling expression of the class I lysyl-tRNA synthetase of Bacillus cereus strain 14579 is functional and can be partially induced by reduced charging of asparaginyl-tRNAAsn
by Niall Foy, Brian Jester, Gavin C Conant, +1
BMC Microbiology (26 April, 2011)
A natural genetic code expansion cassette enables transmissible biosynthesis and genetic encoding of pyrrolysine
by D. G. Longstaff, R. C. Larue, J. E. Faust, +4
Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences (26 April, 2011)